The Speaker of the House of Representatives 2018

Presiding officer of the United states House of Representatives

Speaker of the Us House of Representatives
Seal of the speaker
Flag of the speaker
Incumbent Nancy Pelosi since Jan 3, 2019
United States House of Representatives
Style	Madam Speaker (informal) The Honorable (formal)
Condition	Presiding officeholder
Seat	United States Capitol, Washington, D.C.
Nominator	Major parties (normally)
Appointer	House of Representatives
Term length	At the House'south pleasance; elected at the starting time of the new Congress by a majority of the representatives-elect, and upon a vacancy during a Congress.[1]
Constituting instrument	United states Constitution
Germination	March iv, 1789; 232 years ago  (1789-03-04)
Start holder	Frederick Muhlenberg Apr 1, 1789
Succession	Second (3 U.S.C. § 19)[ii]
Deputy	Assistant Speaker of the House of Representatives (Democratic Party usage only)
Bacon	$223,500 annually[iii]
Website	speaker.gov

The speaker of the Us House of Representatives, usually known every bit the speaker of the House, is the presiding officeholder of the U.s.a. Firm of Representatives. The function was established in 1789 past Article I, Section ii of the U.S. Constitution. The speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives and is simultaneously the House's presiding officer, de facto leader of the body's majority party, and the institution'southward administrative head. Speakers also perform various other authoritative and procedural functions. Given these several roles and responsibilities, the speaker usually does not personally preside over debates. That duty is instead delegated to members of the Firm from the majority political party. Neither does the speaker regularly participate in floor debates.

The Constitution does not require the speaker to be an incumbent fellow member of the Business firm of Representatives, although every speaker thus far has been.^[iv] The speaker is second in the United States presidential line of succession, later the vice president and ahead of the president pro tempore of the Senate.^[2]

The current Business firm speaker is Democrat Nancy Pelosi of California. She was elected to a fourth (second consecutive) term as speaker on January iii, 2021, the first solar day of the 117th Congress. She has led the Autonomous Party in the House since 2003, and is the get-go woman to serve every bit speaker.^[5]

Choice [edit]

The Business firm elects its speaker at the beginning of a new Congress (i.e. biennially, after a general election) or when a speaker dies, resigns or is removed from the position intra-term. Since 1839, the House has elected speakers past roll call vote.^[6] Traditionally, each party's caucus or briefing selects a candidate for the speakership from amidst its senior leaders prior to the roll call. Representatives are not restricted to voting for the candidate nominated by their party, merely generally practice, as the outcome of the election effectively determines which party has the majority and consequently will organize the Business firm.^[seven] As the Constitution does not explicitly country that the speaker must be an incumbent member of the House, it is permissible for representatives to vote for someone who is not a member of the House at the time, and non-members have received a few votes in various speaker elections over the past several years.^[8] Every person elected speaker, even so, has been a member.^[seven]

Representatives who choose to vote for someone other than their party'south nominated candidate usually vote for someone else in their party or vote "present". Anyone who votes for the other party's candidate would face serious consequences, equally was the example when Democrat Jim Traficant voted for Republican Dennis Hastert in 2001 (107th Congress). In response, the Democrats stripped him of his seniority and he lost all of his committee posts.^[9]

To be elected speaker, a candidate must receive a majority of the votes cast. If no candidate wins a majority, the roll phone call is repeated until a speaker is elected.^[vii] Multiple curl calls have been necessary but 14 times (out of 126 speakership elections) since 1789; and non since 1923 (68th Congress), when a closely divided House needed nine ballots to elect Frederick H. Gillett speaker.^[ane] Upon winning ballot the new speaker is immediately sworn in by the dean of the United States House of Representatives, the chamber's longest-serving member.^{[10] [eleven]}

History [edit]

Henry Clay (1811–1814, 1815–1820, 1823–1825) used his influence as speaker to ensure the passage of measures he favored

The first speaker of the House, Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania, was elected to role on April 1, 1789, the solar day the House organized itself at the outset of the 1st Congress. He served two not-consecutive terms in the speaker's chair, 1789–1791 (1st Congress) and 1793–1795 (3rd Congress).^[12]

As the Constitution does not state the duties of the speaker, the speaker's office has largely been shaped by traditions and customs that evolved over time. Scholars are divided as to whether early speakers played largely formalism and impartial roles or whether they were more than agile partisan actors.^[13]

From early on in its existence, the speaker'due south primary function had been to go along order and enforce rules. The speakership was transformed into a position with power over the legislative process under Henry Clay (1811–1814, 1815–1820, and 1823–1825).^{[14] [fifteen]} In contrast to many of his predecessors, Clay participated in several debates and used his influence to procure the passage of measures he supported—for instance, the proclamation of the War of 1812, and various laws relating to Clay'south "American System" economic plan. Furthermore, when no candidate received an Electoral College majority in the 1824 presidential election, causing the president to be elected by the Firm, Speaker Clay threw his support to John Quincy Adams instead of Andrew Jackson, thereby ensuring Adams' victory. Following Clay's retirement in 1825, the power of the speakership once again began to decline, despite speakership elections becoming increasingly bitter. As the Ceremonious War approached, several sectional factions nominated their own candidates, oft making it difficult for any candidate to attain a majority. In 1855 and over again in 1859, for example, the contest for speaker lasted for two months earlier the House achieved a result. Speakers tended to have very short tenures during this period. For example, from 1839 to 1863 there were eleven speakers, only ane of whom served for more ane term. To date, James K. Polk is the merely speaker of the House who was later elected president of the United states of america.

Towards the finish of the 19th century, the office of speaker began to develop into a very powerful one. At the time, one of the near of import sources of the speaker'southward ability was his position every bit Chairman of the Committee on Rules, which, after the reorganization of the committee system in 1880, became one of the most powerful continuing committees of the House. Furthermore, several speakers became leading figures in their political parties; examples include Democrats Samuel J. Randall, John Griffin Carlisle, and Charles F. Crisp, and Republicans James Thousand. Blaine, Thomas Brackett Reed, and Joseph Gurney Cannon.

The power of the speaker was greatly augmented during the tenure of the Republican Thomas Brackett Reed (1889–1891, 1895–1899). "Czar Reed", as he was called by his opponents,^[xvi] sought to end the obstacle of bills by the minority, in particular by countering the tactic known as the "disappearing quorum".^[17] Past refusing to vote on a move, the minority could ensure that a quorum would not be achieved and that the result would be invalid. Reed, still, declared that members who were in the sleeping accommodation only refused to vote would notwithstanding count for the purposes of determining a quorum. Through these and other rulings, Reed ensured that the Democrats could not block the Republican agenda.

The speakership reached its apogee during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon (1903–1911). Cannon exercised extraordinary control over the legislative procedure. He determined the agenda of the House, appointed the members of all committees, chose commission chairmen, headed the Rules Commission, and adamant which committee heard each pecker. He vigorously used his powers to ensure that Republican proposals were passed by the Firm. In 1910, however, Democrats and several dissatisfied Republicans joined together to strip Cannon of many of his powers, including the ability to proper noun committee members and his chairmanship of the Rules Committee.^[xviii] Fifteen years after, Speaker Nicholas Longworth restored much, but non all, of the lost influence of the position.

Sam Rayburn (1940–1947; 1949–1953; and 1955–1961) was the longest serving speaker

One of the nearly influential speakers in history was Democrat Sam Rayburn.^[19] Rayburn had the virtually cumulative time equally speaker in history, property function from 1940 to 1947, 1949 to 1953, and 1955 to 1961. He helped shape many bills, working quietly in the background with Business firm committees. He also helped ensure the passage of several domestic measures and foreign assistance programs advocated by Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Truman.

Rayburn's successor, Democrat John W. McCormack (served 1962–1971), was a somewhat less influential speaker, particularly considering of dissent from younger members of the Autonomous Party. During the mid-1970s, the power of the speakership in one case over again grew under Democrat Carl Albert. The Committee on Rules ceased to be a semi-independent panel, as information technology had been since 1910. Instead, it once again became an arm of the party leadership. Moreover, in 1975, the speaker was granted the dominance to engage a majority of the members of the Rules Committee. Meanwhile, the power of committee chairmen was curtailed, farther increasing the relative influence of the speaker.

Albert's successor, Democrat Tip O'Neill, was a prominent speaker because of his public opposition to the policies of President Ronald Reagan. O'Neill is the longest continually serving speaker, from 1977 through 1987. He challenged Reagan on domestic programs and on defense expenditures. Republicans made O'Neill the target of their ballot campaigns in 1980 and 1982 but Democrats managed to retain their majorities in both years.

The roles of the parties reversed in 1994 when, later spending forty years in the minority, the Republicans regained control of the House with the "Contract with America", an thought spearheaded by Minority Whip Newt Gingrich. Speaker Gingrich would regularly disharmonism with Democratic President Bill Clinton, leading to the United States federal authorities shutdown of 1995 and 1996, in which Clinton was largely seen to have prevailed. Gingrich's hold on the leadership was weakened significantly by that and several other controversies, and he faced a caucus revolt in 1997. After the Republicans lost House seats in 1998 (although retaining a majority) he did not stand for a third term as speaker. His successor, Dennis Hastert, had been chosen as a compromise candidate since the other Republicans in the leadership were more than controversial. Hastert played a much less prominent function than other gimmicky speakers, being overshadowed past House Bulk Leader Tom DeLay and President George W. Bush. The Republicans came out of the 2000 elections with a further reduced majority merely made minor gains in 2002 and 2004. The periods of 2001–2002 and 2003–2007 were the outset times since 1953–1955 that there was single-political party Republican leadership in Washington, interrupted from 2001 to 2003 every bit Senator Jim Jeffords of Vermont left the Republican Party to become independent and caucused with Senate Democrats to give them a 51–49 majority.

In the 2006 midterm elections, the Democrats won a majority in the Business firm. Nancy Pelosi became speaker when the 110th Congress convened on January 4, 2007, making her the starting time woman to hold the function. With the ballot of Barack Obama as president and Democratic gains in both houses of Congress, Pelosi became the start speaker since Tom Foley to concord the part during single-party Democratic leadership in Washington.^[20] During the 111th Congress, Pelosi was the driving force backside several of Obama'due south major initiatives that proved controversial, and the Republicans campaigned against the Democrats' legislation by staging a "Fire Pelosi" bus tour^[21] and regained command of the House in the 2010 midterm elections.^[22]

John Boehner was elected speaker when the 112th Congress convened on January 5, 2011, and was subsequently re-elected twice, at the start of the 113th and 114th Congresses. On both of those occasions his remaining in office was threatened by the defection of several members from his ain party who chose not to vote for him.^{[23] [24]} Boehner's tenure equally speaker, which ended when he resigned from Congress in October 2015, was marked past multiple battles with the conservatives in his own party related to "Obama Care," appropriations, amongst other political issues.^[25] This intra-political party discord continued nether Boehner's successor, Paul Ryan.

Following the 2022 midterm elections which saw the election of a Autonomous Party majority in the House of Representatives, Nancy Pelosi was elected speaker when the 116th Congress convened on January 3, 2019. When Republican leader John Boehner succeeded her as speaker in 2011, Pelosi remained the leader of the Autonomous Party in the House of Representatives and served as House minority leader for 8 years before she led her party to victory in the 2022 elections. In add-on to being the showtime woman to hold the function, Pelosi became the get-go speaker to return to ability since Sam Rayburn in the 1950s.^[26]

Notable elections [edit]

Speaker Nancy Pelosi (right) with Vice President Dick Cheney behind President George W. Bush at the 2007 State of the Union Address making history as the start woman to sit behind the podium at such an address. President Bush-league acknowledged this by beginning his voice communication with the words, "Tonight, I have a high privilege and singled-out honor of my ain — as the first president to begin the Country of the Matrimony message with these words: Madam Speaker".^[27]

Historically, there accept been several controversial elections to the speakership, such as the contest of 1839. In that example, even though the 26th U.s.a. Congress convened on December two, the House could non begin the speakership ballot until Dec 14 considering of an election dispute in New Bailiwick of jersey known as the "Broad Seal War". Two rival delegations, one Whig and the other Democrat, had been certified equally elected past different branches of the New Jersey authorities. The problem was compounded past the fact that the result of the dispute would determine whether the Whigs or the Democrats held the majority. Neither party agreed to permit a speakership election with the opposite party's delegation participating. Finally, it was agreed to exclude both delegations from the ballot and a speaker was finally chosen on December 17.

Another, more prolonged fight occurred in 1855 in the 34th U.s.a. Congress. The old Whig Party had collapsed but no single party had emerged to replace it. Candidates opposing the Democrats had run under a bewildering variety of labels, including Whig, Republican, American (Know Nothing), and just "Opposition". By the fourth dimension Congress actually met in December 1855, almost of the northerners were concentrated together every bit Republicans, while most of the southerners and a few northerners used the American or Know Nothing characterization. Opponents of the Democrats held a majority in House, with the party makeup of the 234 representatives being 83 Democrats, 108 Republicans, and 43 Know Nothings (primarily southern oppositionists). The Democratic minority nominated William Alexander Richardson of Illinois every bit speaker, but because of sectional distrust, the various oppositionists were unable to agree on a single candidate for speaker. The Republicans supported Nathaniel Prentice Banks of Massachusetts, who had been elected as a Know Nothing but was at present largely identified with the Republicans. The southern Know Nothings supported start Humphrey Marshall of Kentucky, and so Henry M. Fuller of Pennsylvania. The voting went on for virtually two months with no candidate able to secure a majority, until it was finally agreed to elect the speaker by plurality vote, and Banks was elected.^[28] The Business firm found itself in a like dilemma when the 36th Congress met in December 1859. Although the Republicans held a plurality, the Republican candidate, John Sherman, was unacceptable to southern oppositionists due to his anti-slavery views, and once over again the Business firm was unable to elect a speaker. Afterwards Democrats allied with southern oppositionists to nearly elect the Northward Carolina oppositionist William N. H. Smith, Sherman finally withdrew in favor of compromise candidate William Pennington of New Jersey, a old Whig of unclear partisan loyalties, who was finally elected speaker on February 1, 1860.^[29]

The last time that an ballot for speaker went beyond one election was in Dec 1923 at the kickoff of the 68th Congress, when Republican Frederick H. Gillett needed nine ballots to win reelection. Progressive Republicans had refused to support Gillett in the first 8 ballots. Only after winning concessions from Republican conference leaders (a seat on the House Rules Committee and a pledge that requested House rules changes would be considered) did they concord to support him.^{[30] [31]}

In 1997, several Republican congressional leaders tried to force Speaker Newt Gingrich to resign. However, Gingrich refused since that would have required a new election for speaker, which could accept led to Democrats along with dissenting Republicans voting for Democrat Dick Gephardt (so minority leader) as speaker. After the 1998 midterm elections where the Republicans lost seats, Gingrich did not stand up for re-ballot. The next two figures in the House Republican leadership hierarchy, Majority Leader Richard Armey and Bulk Whip Tom DeLay chose not to run for the function. The chairman of the Business firm Appropriations Committee, Bob Livingston, declared his bid for the speakership, which was unopposed, making him speaker-designate. It was and then revealed, by Livingston himself, who had been publicly critical of President Bill Clinton'south perjury during his sexual harassment trial, that he had engaged in an extramarital affair. He opted to resign from the House, despite being urged to stay on past Business firm Democratic leader Gephardt. After, the chief deputy whip Dennis Hastert was selected as speaker. The Republicans retained their majorities in the 2000, 2002, and 2004 elections.

The Democrats won a majority of seats in the 2006 midterm elections. On November sixteen, 2006, Nancy Pelosi, who was and so minority leader, was selected as speaker-designate past House Democrats.^[32] When the 110th Congress convened on January four, 2007, she was elected as the 52nd speaker by a vote of 233–202, becoming the kickoff woman elected speaker of the House.^[33] Pelosi remained speaker through the 111th Congress.

Almost contempo election for speaker (2021) [edit]

The about recent election for Firm speaker took place Jan 3, 2021, on the opening day of the 117th United States Congress, two months after the 2022 House elections in which the Democrats won a bulk of the seats. Incumbent speaker, Democrat Nancy Pelosi, secured a narrow majority of the 427 votes bandage and was elected to a fourth (2d consecutive) term. She received 216 votes to Republican Kevin McCarthy's 209 votes, with two votes going to other persons; also, iii representatives answered nowadays when their names were called.^[34]

Partisan role [edit]

Paul Ryan taking the adjuration of office upon condign speaker on October 29, 2015

The Constitution does non spell out the political role of the speaker. As the office has developed historically, however, information technology has taken on a clearly partisan cast, very different from the speakership of most Westminster-mode legislatures, such as the speaker of the Britain's House of Eatables, which is meant to be scrupulously non-partisan. The speaker in the U.s.a., past tradition, is the head of the bulk political party in the Business firm of Representatives, outranking the majority leader. Even so, despite having the right to vote, the speaker ordinarily does not participate in argue.

The speaker is responsible for ensuring that the House passes legislation supported by the majority party. In pursuing this goal, the speaker may utilize their power to determine when each bill reaches the flooring. They also chair the majority party'due south steering commission in the House. While the speaker is the functioning caput of the House bulk party, the same is non true of the president pro tempore of the Senate, whose role is primarily formalism and honorary.

When the speaker and the president belong to the same party, the speaker tends to play the office in a more than formalism light, every bit seen when Dennis Hastert played a very restrained function during the presidency of fellow Republican George West. Bush. Nevertheless, when the speaker and the president belong to the same party, there are also times that the speaker plays a much larger role, and the speaker is tasked, e.yard., with pushing through the agenda of the majority political party, frequently at the expense of the minority opposition. This can be seen, nearly of all, in the speakership of Democratic-Republican Henry Clay, who personally ensured the presidential victory of fellow Democratic-Republican John Quincy Adams. Democrat Sam Rayburn was a key player in the passing of New Deal legislation nether the presidency of young man Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon (under Theodore Roosevelt) was particularly infamous for his marginalization of the minority Democrats and centralizing of authority to the speakership. In more than contempo times, Speaker Nancy Pelosi played a role in standing the push for wellness care reform during the presidency of fellow Democrat Barack Obama.^[35]

On the other hand, when the speaker and the president belong to opposite parties, the public office and influence of the speaker tend to increase. As the highest-ranking member of the opposition political party (and de facto leader of the opposition), the speaker is normally the chief public opponent of the president's agenda. In this scenario, the speaker is known for undercutting the president's calendar by blocking measures by the minority political party or rejecting bills by the Senate. One famous instance came in the form of Thomas Brackett Reed (nether Grover Cleveland), a speaker notorious for his successful attempt to force the Democrats to vote on measures where the Republicans had clear majorities, which ensured that Cleveland's Democrats were in no position to challenge the Republicans in the House. Joseph Cannon was particularly unique in that he led the conservative "One-time Guard" wing of the Republican Party, while his president – Theodore Roosevelt – was of the more progressive clique, and more than than simply marginalizing the Democrats, Cannon used his power to punish the dissidents in his party and obstruct the progressive wing of the Republican Party.

More modern examples include Tip O'Neill, who was a vocal opponent of President Ronald Reagan'southward economical and defense force policies; Newt Gingrich, who fought a bitter battle with President Bill Clinton for control of domestic policy; Nancy Pelosi, who argued with President George Westward. Bush over the Iraq State of war;^[22] John Boehner, who clashed with President Barack Obama over budget issues and health intendance;^[36] and once once again, Nancy Pelosi, who refused to back up Donald Trump over funding for a edge wall.^[37]

Presiding officer [edit]

As presiding officer of the House of Representatives, the speaker holds a variety of powers over the House and is ceremonially the highest-ranking legislative official in the The states authorities.^[38] The speaker may consul their powers to a member of the House to human action as speaker pro tempore and to preside over the Firm in the speaker's absence; when this has occurred the delegation has always been to a fellow member of the same political party.^[39] During important debates, the speaker pro tempore is ordinarily a senior member of the majority political party who may be called for his or her skill in presiding. At other times, more than junior members may be assigned to preside to give them experience with the rules and procedures of the House. The speaker may also designate, with approving of the House, a speaker pro tempore for special purposes, such as designating a representative whose district is near Washington, D.C. to sign enrolled bills during long recesses.

Under the rules of the Business firm, the speaker, "as before long as practicable later on the ballot of the speaker and whenever advisable thereafter", must evangelize to the clerk of the Firm a confidential list of members who are designated to act every bit speaker in the case of a vacancy or physical inability of the speaker to perform their duties.^[40]

On the flooring of the Firm, the presiding officeholder is e'er addressed as "Mister Speaker" or "Madam Speaker", fifty-fifty if that person is serving as speaker pro tempore. When the House resolves itself into a Commission of the Whole, the speaker designates a fellow member to preside over the committee, who is addressed as "Mister Chairman" or "Madam Chairwoman". To speak, members must seek the presiding officeholder's recognition. The presiding officeholder also rules on all points of order but such rulings may be appealed to the whole House. The speaker is responsible for maintaining decorum in the Firm and may social club the Sergeant-at-Arms to enforce House rules.

The speaker's powers and duties extend beyond presiding in the chamber. In particular, the speaker has smashing influence over the committee process. The speaker selects nine of the thirteen members of the powerful Commission on Rules, subject to the approval of the entire majority party. The leadership of the minority party chooses the remaining four members. Furthermore, the speaker appoints all members of select committees and briefing committees. Moreover, when a bill is introduced, the speaker determines which commission volition consider it. Equally a member of the House, the speaker is entitled to participate in contend and to vote. Ordinarily, the speaker votes only when the speaker's vote would be decisive or on matters of swell importance, such as constitutional amendments or major legislation.^[41] Nether the early on rules of the House, the speaker was more often than not barred from voting, but today the speaker has the same right as other members to vote but only occasionally exercises information technology. The speaker may vote on whatsoever matter that comes before the House, and they are required to vote where their vote would be decisive or where the House is engaged in voting by ballot.^[42]

Other functions [edit]

The speaker'south part in the The states Capitol, during the term of Dennis Hastert (1999–2007)

In addition to being the political and parliamentary leader of the Firm of Representatives and representing their congressional commune, the speaker also performs various other administrative and procedural functions, such as:

• Oversees the officers of the House: the clerk, the sergeant-at-arms, the master administrative officeholder, and the clergyman;
• Serves as the chairperson of the Business firm Office Edifice Committee;^[43]
• Appoints the Firm'southward parliamentarian,^[44] historian, general counsel, and inspector general;^[45]
• Administers the House sound and video broadcasting organisation
• In consultation with the minority leader, tin devise a arrangement of drug testing in the House.^[43] This option has never been exercised.^[46]
• Receives reports or other communications from the president, government agencies, boards, and commissions.^[43]
• Receives, forth with the president pro tempore of the Senate, written declarations that a U.S. president is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, or is able to resume them, under Sections 3 and 4 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment.^[47]

Additionally, the speaker is 2d in the presidential line of succession under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947, immediately after the vice president and earlier the president pro tempore of the Senate (who is followed past members of the president's Cabinet). Thus, if both the presidency and vice-presidency were vacant simultaneously, so the speaker would get interim president, afterward resigning from the House and as speaker.^[48]

Ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967, with its mechanism for filling an intra-term vice-presidential vacancy, has made calling on the speaker, president pro tempore, or a cabinet fellow member to serve as acting president unlikely to happen, except in the aftermath of a catastrophic outcome.^[48] However, but a few years after it went into effect, in October 1973, at the height of Watergate, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned. With Agnew's unexpected departure and the land of Richard Nixon'southward presidency, Speaker Carl Albert was of a sudden first in line to become acting president. The vacancy continued until Gerald Ford was sworn in as vice president on December 6, 1973.^[49] Albert was likewise next in line from the time Ford causeless the presidency on August ix, 1974, following Nixon's resignation from office, until Ford'due south choice to succeed him every bit vice president, Nelson Rockefeller, was confirmed by Congress iv months afterward.^[48]

Encounter as well [edit]

• Party leaders of the Us Business firm of Representatives
• Party leaders of the United States Senate

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} "Speaker Elections Decided by Multiple Ballots". history.house.gov. United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
2. ^ ^{a b} Relyea, Harold C. (August 5, 2005). "Continuity of Regime: Current Federal Arrangements and the Future" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress. pp. two–4. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
3. ^ Brudnick, Ida A. (January iv, 2012). "Congressional Salaries and Allowances" (PDF). CRS Written report for Congress. United states of america Firm of Representatives. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 12, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
4. ^ Heitshusen, Valerie (May 16, 2017). The Speaker of the House: House Officer, Party Leader, and Representative (PDF) (Report). Congressional Research Service. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2020. In fact, there is no requirement that the Speaker be a Fellow member of the House.
5. ^ Fram, Alan (January 3, 2021). "Pelosi narrowly reelected speaker, faces difficult 2021". AP News. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January three, 2021.
6. ^ Forte, David F. "Essays on Article I: Speaker of the House". Heritage Guide to The Constitution. Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on Baronial 22, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
7. ^ ^{a b c} Heitshusen, Valerie; Beth, Richard South. (January 4, 2019). "Speakers of the House: Elections, 1913–2019" (PDF). CRS Study for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved Jan 11, 2019.
8. ^ Grier, Peter (September 25, 2015). "John Boehner exit: Anyone can run for House speaker, even you lot". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on November 25, 2018. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
9. ^ Schudel, Matt (September 27, 2014). "James A. Traficant Jr., colorful Ohio congressman expelled by House, dies at 73". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 12, 2015. Retrieved Jan 11, 2019.
10. ^ "Fathers/Deans of the Business firm". history.house.gov. United states of america House of Representatives. Archived from the original on January 12, 2019. Retrieved Jan 11, 2019.
11. ^ "Election of the Speaker Overview". constitution.laws.com. Archived from the original on August 27, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
12. ^ "List of Speakers of the Firm". history.firm.gov. U.s. House of Representatives. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January eleven, 2019.
13. ^ Peart, Daniel (2021). "Rethinking the Function of the Speaker: Power, Institutional Development, and the Myth of the "Impartial Moderator" in the Early on US House of Representatives". Journal of Policy History. 33 (ane): i–31. doi:10.1017/S0898030620000226. ISSN 0898-0306. S2CID 231694119. Archived from the original on Feb 2, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2021.
14. ^ C. Stewart III, "Architect or tactician? Henry Clay and the institutional evolution of the Us House of Representatives" 1998, online Archived January 14, 2021, at the Wayback Car
15. ^ "Henry Clay (1825–1829)". U.S. Presidents. Charlottesville, Virginia: Miller Middle of Public Affairs, Academy of Virginia. Oct iv, 2016. Archived from the original on May x, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
16. ^ Robinson, William A. "Thomas B. Reed, Parliamentarian". The American Historical Review, Oct 1931. pp. 137–138.
17. ^ Oleszek, Walter J. (Dec 1998). "A Pre-Twentieth Century Look at the Business firm Committee on Rules". U.Due south. House of Representatives. Archived from the original on Baronial 25, 2005. Retrieved July 5, 2007.
18. ^ Jones, Charles O. (Baronial 1968). "Joseph Grand. Cannon and Howard Due west. Smith: An Essay on the Limits of Leadership in the House of Representatives". The Journal of Politics. 30 (3): 617–646. doi:10.2307/2128798. JSTOR 2128798. S2CID 154012153.
19. ^ "Sam Rayburn House Museum". Texas Historical Commission. Archived from the original on July 1, 2007. Retrieved July five, 2007.
20. ^ See Party Divisions of U.s. Congresses
21. ^ Condon, Stephanie (August 6, 2010). "GOP to Launch "Fire Pelosi" Bus Tour". CBS News. Archived from the original on February 14, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2011.
22. ^ ^{a b} Sanchez, Ray (November three, 2010). "Nancy Pelosi: House Speaker'south Exclusive Interview With Diane Sawyer". ABC News. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved Dec 6, 2011.
23. ^ Cohen, Micah (January 4, 2013). "Were the Thou.O.P. Votes Confronting Boehner a Historic Rejection?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January fourteen, 2021. Retrieved March i, 2019.
24. ^ Walsh, Deirdre (Jan 6, 2015). "Boehner Overcomes Big Opposition to Remain Speaker". CNN. Archived from the original on January 29, 2015. Retrieved March one, 2019.
25. ^ Shesgreen, Deirdre; Allen, Cooper (September 25, 2015). "Speaker John Boehner to resign from Congress". USA Today. Archived from the original on January xiv, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
26. ^ Wire, Sarah D. (January three, 2019). "Nancy Pelosi regains the House speaker's gavel as Democrats confront Trump over partial shutdown". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on Jan 14, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
27. ^ Bush, George W. (Jan 23, 2007). "President Bush Delivers State of the Union Address". The White Business firm. Archived from the original on May 2, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2007.
28. ^ Allan Nevins. Ordeal of the Spousal relationship, Book Two: A Firm Dividing 1852–1857 (New York, 1947), 413–415.
29. ^ Allan Nevins. The Emergence of Lincoln, Volume Two: Prologue to Civil War, 1859–1861 (New York, 1950), 116–123.
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Bibliography [edit]

• Garraty, John, ed. American National Biography (1999) 20 volumes; contains scholarly biographies of all speakers no longer alive.
• Green, Matthew N. The Speaker of the House: A Report of Leadership (Yale Academy Press; 2010) 292 pages; Examines partisan pressures and other factors that shaped the leadership of the speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives; focuses on the period since 1940.
• Grossman, Mark. Speakers of the House of Representatives (Amenia, NY: Grey Firm Publishing, 2009). The comprehensive work on the subject, covering, in depth, the lives of the speakers from Frederick Muhlenberg to Nancy Pelosi.
• Heitshusen, Valerie (November 26, 2018). "Speakers of the Business firm: Elections, 1913–2017" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved December eighteen, 2018.
• Remini, Robert V. The House: the History of the Firm of Representatives (Smithsonian Books, 2006). The standard scholarly history.
• Rohde, David Due west. Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House (1991).
• Smock, Raymond W., and Susan West. Hammond, eds. Masters of the House: Congressional Leadership Over Two Centuries (1998). Brusk biographies of key leaders.
• Zelizer. Julian E. ed. The American Congress: The Building of Democracy (2004). A comprehensive history past 40 scholars.

External links [edit]

• "Capitol Questions." C-SPAN (2003). Notable elections and part.
• The Cannon Centenary Conference: The Changing Nature of the Speakership. (2003). House Document 108–204. History, nature and role of the speakership.
• Congressional Quarterly's Guide to Congress, 5th ed. (2000). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Press.
• Wilson, Woodrow. (1885). Congressional Government. New York: Houghton Mifflin.

U.Due south. presidential line of succession
Preceded by Vice President Kamala Harris	second in line	Succeeded by President pro tempore of the Senate Patrick Leahy

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

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